Unit-I — Introduction to IoT

 

🌐 Unit-I — Introduction to IoT (Simple Notes)

📌 1. IoT Definition

IoT (Internet of Things) means connecting physical devices (like sensors, cars, watches, AC, lights) to the internet so they can collect data, send data, and work automatically.

👉 Example: Smartwatch sending your health data to mobile.

⭐ 2. Characteristics of IoT

Main features of IoT:

  • 🔗 Connectivity – devices connect to internet

  • 📊 Data collection – sensors collect information

  • ⚡ Automation – devices work automatically

  • 🌍 Remote control – control from anywhere

  • 🧠 Intelligence – AI/logic makes decisions

🧩 3. IoT Conceptual & Architectural Framework

This explains how IoT system is organized.

Basic layers:

  1. Device Layer – sensors, actuators

  2. Network Layer – WiFi, Bluetooth, 5G

  3. Processing Layer – cloud/server

  4. Application Layer – mobile apps, dashboards

👉 Simple flow:
Sensor → Internet → Cloud → Mobile App

🧱 4. Components of IoT Ecosystem

Main parts:

  • Sensors & Devices

  • Internet/Network

  • Cloud/Server

  • Data Processing

  • User Application

Think like a team working together.

⚙️ 5. Physical vs Logical Design of IoT

🧰 Physical Design

Real hardware:

  • Sensors

  • Arduino/ESP32

  • Actuators

  • Wires

🧠 Logical Design

Software side:

  • Data flow

  • Communication protocols

  • APIs

🚀 6. IoT Enablers

Technologies that make IoT possible:

  • Cloud Computing

  • Artificial Intelligence

  • Big Data

  • Sensors

  • Wireless Networks

  • Embedded Systems

📱 7. Modern Day IoT Applications

Examples you can write in exam:

  • Smart Home (Alexa lights)

  • Smart Agriculture

  • Healthcare monitoring

  • Smart Cities

  • Industrial automation

  • Wearable devices

🤖 8. M2M Communication (Machine to Machine)

Devices talk directly to each other without humans.

👉 Example:
ATM machine → Bank server communication.

⚖️ 9. IoT vs M2M

IoTM2M
Uses internetMostly private network
Cloud basedDirect machine communication
Large scaleLimited system

👉 Simple: IoT = internet smart system, M2M = direct device communication.

🌐 10. IoT vs WoT (Web of Things)

IoTWoT
Connects devicesUses web technologies
Hardware focusWeb/API focus
Sensors & networksHTTP, REST, Web APIs

WoT = IoT + Web technology.

🏗️ 11. IoT Reference Architecture

Standard model to design IoT system.

Layers:

  1. Device

  2. Connectivity

  3. Data Processing

  4. Application

  5. Business layer

🔌 12. IoT Network Configurations

How devices connect:

  • Star Network

  • Mesh Network

  • Tree Network

📶 13. IoT LAN

Local Area Network:

  • WiFi

  • Bluetooth

  • Zigbee

Short distance communication.

🌍 14. IoT WAN

Wide Area Network:

  • 4G/5G

  • LoRaWAN

  • NB-IoT

Long distance communication.

📍 15. IoT Node

Small device with:

  • Sensor

  • Microcontroller

  • Internet module

👉 Example: ESP8266 temperature sensor.

🌉 16. IoT Gateway

Middle device between sensors and cloud.

Work:

  • Collect data

  • Process data

  • Send to server

🔁 17. IoT Proxy

Acts like security/filter between devices and internet.

🔧 18. Review of Basic Microcontrollers & Interfacing

Microcontroller = small computer on chip.

Examples:

  • Arduino

  • ESP32

  • Raspberry Pi Pico

Interfacing means connecting:

  • Sensors

  • Displays

  • Motors

  • LEDs

🧠 Easy Exam Trick (Remember Flow)

👉 Device → Network → Cloud → Application

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